Surrealism Essays (907 words) - Modern Painters, Modern Artists

Surrealism As World War I came to an end, the Dada movement evolved into a new movement called Surrealism. This medium of art created a palette of purity and hope though automatism and use of dreams. The Surrealists strove for simplicity and spontaneity or as some called it, automatism. They wanted to answer the question how shall I be free? and to express thought without any tainted preconceptions. They believed automatism would reveal the true and individual nature of anyone who practiced it, far more completely than could any of his conscious creations. For automatism was the most perfect means for reaching and tapping the unconscious. (Stangos 125) This free style of expression, first used in literary circles headed by Andre Breton and then by painters like Max Ernst, Joan Miro, Salvador Dali and Ren? Magritte, upheld the Dadaist rejection of traditional forms of art. However, by portraying a field of unconscious thought and thereby, following an uncontaminated reality, the surrealists avoi ded the horrors of premeditated warfare and political, social and economic lies and injustices. Surrealist theorists found Surrealism to be: a certain point of the mind at which life and death, the real and the imaginary, the past and the future, the communicable and the incommunicable, the heights and the depths, cease to be perceived contradictably. Now it is in vain that one would seek any other motive for Surrealist activity than determining this point. (Stangos 134) By using one's unconscious mind, the imagination in a primitive state, (Stangos 126) Surrealism found a place where contradictory thoughts might not serve as dichotomies. Free of a socially constructed point of view or raison, a writer or artist travels to a place of thinking that is both irrational and rational at the same time. Through the unconscious or a highly sensitized state of mind, the surrealist brought forth a new manner of seeing and feeling the world as it was understood and negotiated by Western peoples. In its development, Surrealism celebrated the art of children, mad people and primitive art. The Surrealists believed in the innocent eye. They found that art produced by young children was more real than that produced by adults-- since the art of adults was usually repressed and contaminated. The Surrealists often played children's games like the one where each player draws a head, body or legs then folds the paper after his turn so that his contribution is not seen. The strange images that resulted provided Joan Miro and others with inspiration for works, such as The Harlequin's Carnival. (Stangos 127) In addition to this technique, Max Ernst, in 1925, began using a child's technique which led him in his direction of art for the next two decades. The technique was termed frottage, or rubbing. It involved placing a piece of paper over a textured surface and then rubbing it with a pencil to record the texture. Afterwards, the images produced would be rearranged and the results were new images and associations from these initial rubbings. These images would then go on to become inspiration and the groundwork for paintings and sculptures. Ordinary forms and objects were used to create art. The Surrealists saw an object and created art out of it because of the feelings that object inspired or what that object lent itself to be transformed into. In addition to the childlike innocence the Surrealist sought, looked into his dreams and into his childhood for ideas for his art. The Surrealists looked towards dreams because they believed dreams were thoughts and imaginations in the primitive state. Dreams were part of the unconscious, and the unconscious was untainted. In the beginning of the Surrealist period, artists used hypnotism and drugs to venture into the unconscious state to extract images, word and ideas. Andre Breton said that these images and feelings could not be had in the conscious state. Quite often, the Surrealists would create dream-like scenes and scenarios which would otherwise be impossible in the natural world. Salvador Dali once said the only difference between himself and a madman was that he was not mad. His paintings were often a bizarre and erotic dream world influenced by dreams and his fear of sex. Dali painted with a photographic like accuracy and used bright intense colors

EARLY COLD WAR Essays - Cold War

TRUMAN'S PRESIDENCY/KOREA/POST WWII/EARLY COLD WAR Essays - Cold War TRUMAN'S PRESIDENCY/KOREA/POST WWII/EARLY COLD WAR NATO/Warsaw Pact- North Atlantic Trade Organization that was a military alliance founded after WWII to strengthen alliances between North American and European countries, especially the U.S and Europe. I t was a great counter balance to the Soviet Warsaw Pact. This Warsaw Pact was a military alliance established between the Soviet Union , Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Hungary, and Bulgaria in order to answer the creation of NATO. Domino Theory- This was a theory coined by Dwight D. Eisenhower and anticipated by Dean Acheson at the inception of the Cold War, that theorized if one political event in a country of a particular region fell to communism, neighboring countries could fall to communism as well. Question of Poland- The United States pushed for a democratic Poland where the representatives of the Polish government in exile, the London Poles, would be included. The U.S saw Poland as an outpost of European civilization against communism. Differently, the Soviets wanted a Soviet run Poland where the "Lublin Poles" would run the government. Stalin viewed Poland as the route of attack for Germany under Hitler and wanted to control it. He went on to break is promises at Yalta and clamped down on Poland and much of Eastern Europe. The Coup of Czechoslovakia- The Communist Part of Czechoslovakia took control of the country implanting communism and maintaining undisputed control of the country for four decades. The importance of this is that it forced the United States Senate to endorse the Marshall Plan, while it also forced Truman to ramp up the power and discretion of the CIA. Marshal Plan- This was an initiative under President Harry Truman that sent 13 billion dollars of aid to the countries of Western Europe in order to help rebuild the countries while restoring the economies and industries across Europe and stimulating jobs and trade, while ultimately trying to prevent the spread of communism. National Security Document 68 (NSC-68)- This was a document that was 58 pages which emerge under the presidency of Harry Truman. It provided the basis of militarization for the entirety of the Cold War. It also advocated for the expansion of the United States military budget, the creation of the hydrogen bomb, and providing aid to the allies of the U.S. Additionally, it emphasized the policy of containment of communism, while rejecting the policy of rolling back communism. Roots of Conflict in Korea- The Soviets and the United States split Korea at the 38 th parallel, allowing for Kim Il-Sung to head the communist Democratic People's Republic of North Korea, while Syngman Rhee head the anti-communist Republic of Korea in the South. Civil War continues to wage on in the South from 1945-1950 when eventually the North Koreans invade the South in 1950. The communist North felt encouraged about attacking the South as Truman had established the "Europe First" strategy, while Acheson had given his "defense perimeter" speech, giving the North hope that the U.S wouldn't come in to support the South. At the same time, Stalin gave the "OK" for the Northern communists to attack the South. The South Koreans are overrun quickly and the "Free World" now faced a major setback. Douglas MacArthur, American Caesar- Legendary American General who scored his greatest triumph at Inchon, which helped to turn the Korean War around and restore the previous positioning of the 38 th parallel. Against the approval of Truman, MacArthur went on to try to unify Korea, wanting to rollback communism rather than just contain it. He wrongly assumed China would not get involved, while promising to end the war early. Catastrophe at the Yalu- Unlike what MacArthur had assumed, the Chinese get involved in the Korea War and intervene in force, prompting the U.S to now face an entirely new war, one that they may struggle to win. A Seesaw Slaughter in Korea/MacArthur Fired- The communists take Seoul once again. This prompts Truman's decision to replace Walker with Ridgeway. He helps to restore American moral and leads a U.S/UN force to push back the Chinese and North Korean back up the peninsula and restore the 38 th parallel while taking back Seoul once again. Truman decides to fire

The Gamble House Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Gamble House - Essay Example The house was later donated to the City of Pasadena in collaboration with the University of Southern California. The University Of Southern California School Of Architecture currently controls the preservation and entailed programs in the house. It became a National Historic Landmark in the year 1978 (Arntzenius & Linda, 59). The gambles bought a building site 4 Westmoreland region in an area called "Little Switzerland† that overlooks the picturesque Arroyo. This region was a prospering art colony in 1890 that had been propagated with the shift in arts and crafts shift. The gambles selected a site having rustic setting, excellent and also unpretentious site neglecting highly fashionable millionaire’s sites. Westmoreland Place was as still a quiet street that the family had chosen for the retirement home. Awarding of the contract to Greene and Greene was prompted by the previous architectural design they had undertaken in Little Switzerland. The Greene and Greene had a flair for proper design, profound knowledge of materials selection and ample ability to gauge the customers’ requirements with respect to furnishings and consequent decorations procedure entailed. The design had Douglas fir frame and subsequent boards enclosed or covered in 36-inch redwood (Arntzenius & Linda, 87). This covering provided insulation from regional Pasadena heat. The house has a Chinese lift design that recurs on the window mullions and along the included furniture. It has original Sarouk rugs decorating the polished wooden floor and also leaded art glass entry doors. The doors were designed by Charles Green and subsequently crafted by Los Angeles master craftsman Emil Lange. The design has entailed gnarled California live oak similar to the currently designs protected by Arroyo Seco. The door design has entrenched capacity that provides cross ventilation enabled by the inclusion of double doors of the Burma teak-paneled hall. This section abutted the ornamental garden pond and

Katrinia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Katrinia - Essay Example It is evident that lacked effective management and leadership skills among the organizations involved in the development of the system. On August 2005, more than fifty failures of the floodwalls and levees were protecting New Orleans, Louisiana and its environs from the passage of Hurricane Katrina and landfall in Mississippi. The floodwall and levee failures resulted in flooding in approximately eighty percent of New Orleans and the entire area of St. Bernard Parish. Billions of gallons of water flooded into the vast region of New Orleans, destroying more than ten thousand businesses and home. The US Army Corps of Engineers were given the responsibility of designing and constructing the levee system while the local levee boards were charged with the responsibility of maintaining the levee. The engineering corps handed over the components of the levee system to the local boards on completion. When Hurricane Katrina approached in 2005, the project was between sixty and ninety percent complete. Civil engineers and other specialists, trying to identify the underlying causes of the failures of the flooding protection sy stem, carried out five investigations. From the research report, the primary reason for the flooding was out of inadequate design and construction by the Corps of Engineers. The storm surge and waves broke into twenty places in the Mississippi River Gulf and the entire region of St. Bernard Parish (Bea, 2000). On August 29, 2005, levees, and floodwalls catastrophically failed throughout the urban area of New Orleans. For a period of eight months after the failure of New Orleans Flood Defense System (NOFDS), ILIT (Independent Levee Investigation Team scrutinized over 2800 documents. They also carried out over 220 interviews and evaluated more than 370 contributions from the public. For eight months, many investigations were conducted to find out the reasons

View from the bridge Essay Example for Free

View from the bridge Essay The first presentations of the pair highlight it already with Eddie coming in from work and Catherine calling to Beatrice who is working in the kitchen. [Calling to the kitchen] Hes here, B.! This immediately emphasises the roles and stereotypes of The womens place is in the kitchen. Which obviously Miller wanted to present. Miller further presents the masculine and feminine roles with Beatrice, once hearing that her cousins are arriving that evening, panics about the appearance of the home. I didnt even buy a new tablecloth; I was gonna wash the walls - I was gonna wax the floors, [she stands disturbed] Miller emphasise Beatrices frenzy to highlight the role of women in that time even more to the degree that the male role, [Eddie] has to come in and save the day. Youre savin their lives, whatre you worrying about the tablecloth? Its an honour, B. Suppose my father didnt come to this country and I was starvin like them over there and I has people in America could keep me a couple of months? The man would be honoured to lend me a place to sleep. Beatrice then wells up with tears, complementing Eddie with angel; Godll bless you; you get a blessing for this! This shows that Eddie is the one who knows how to straighten things up in home and put things back into order. The role of a male. Beatrice and Catherine lay and dish out the meal then once the meal has finished, clear and wash the dishes, All whilst Eddie sits down and watched the work been done. This is very typical of the 1950s men and women roles and Miller plays with them, making the masculine role more evident and solid. When Beatrice and Eddie are together there is sometimes an air of tension which appears in imply that there is lack of sex in the relationship. [There is a slight pause and Eddie turns to Beatrice who has been avoiding his gaze] Eddie: What are you mad at me lately? Beatrice: Whos mad? Eddie: What worries you got? Beatrice: when am I gonna be a wife again, Eddie? This shows that the relationship between the two isnt as strong as a married couple should be. Eddie isnt living up to his expectations of a man, and giving Beatrice the feeling of being a complete wife. Eddie replies with I aint been feeling good. They bother me since they came Beatrice then fires back saying that the cousins have only been there for a couple of weeks where as Eddie hasnt been feeling good for three months. Eddie then retreats to himself with I dont know B; I dont want to talk about it. Eddie doesnt want to make an effort with trying to resolve this. He doesnt want to make an effort with Beatrice and he doesnt want to make an effort with the relationship. This can be said be a male trait, that when theres trouble with the missus, the first reaction is to avoid the situation and shut off. Through this way Miller presents another illustration of masculinity. When it comes to Catherine it is realised that Eddie takes quite an interest in her. With her appearance, behaviour and general relationship, making an effort to keep her under his wing, and when this starts to go wrong, he fights harder and harder to keep her there through different ways. Its already seen in the beginning in the play that Eddie is very concerned with Catherine through her dressing. I think its too short he says about a dress. I dont like the looks theyre givin you in the candy store. And with them new high heels on the sidewalk- clack, clack, clack. The heads are turnin like windmills These remarks express the way a father figure would say, which is thought about Eddie at first, and these comments are only looked at in an overprotective way. But as the play goes on, and situations arise that make Eddie to express his unlawful, latent love for Catherine, Eddie becomes more protective and aware of Catherines actions. For example when Eddie relises that there is obviously chemistry between Rooldfo and Catherine, he tells her to go take off her heels, causing her embarresment and looking small infront of Roldofo. Whats the high heels for, Garbo? I figured for tonight- Do me a favour, will you? Go ahead.

Impact of Outside Invasion in the Central Andes and Himalayas Essay

Impact of Outside Invasion in the Central Andes and Himalayas In Toward a Cultural Ecology of Mountains: The Central Andes and Himalayas Compared, David Guillet writes to address the nature of cultural adaptations between two mountain populations. His research is spurred by increased recognition that human intervention can cause detrimental resource degeneration in these fragile mountain environments. Guillet attempts to answer two questions; What environmental constraints on material provisioning will a human population encounter in mountains? How does the range of possible responses lead to patterns of social relations? By asking these questions Guillet believes that the production process is the critical link between the culture and the environment. Production is important to the cultural ecology of mountainous regions because; 1.) production decisions are constrained by altitude; 2.) cultural strategies implemented as a result of the mountainous environment are related to production; 3.) comparing production allows for a comparative model of mountain adaptations; and 4.) it shows that individuals and groups are involved in a process of adaptive flexibility that allows human response to the environment (Guillet, 563). In mountain environments, human populations are limited by vertical constraints on production strategies. The interaction between altitude, climate, and soil fertility sets limits on what types of crop can survive. This is evident in the use of animals to plow fields. The yaks of the Himalayas were able to adapt well to the plow, unlike the Andean camelids that lacked the physical strength for plowing. The mountain environment impacts many aspects of life. These regions have a poor... ...ent from degradation. After reading both Himalayan Herders and Toward a Cultural Ecology of Mountains, I have noticed a difference in the impact of outside invasion. For Bishop, the relatively isolated Melemchi village is rapidly changing, in response to global patterns, as a result of outside influences. However, these herders are able to maintain their cultural knowledge and traditions that have shaped their village for centuries. Why is it that Bishop noticed the dramatic influence of outside forces, while Guillet hardly recognizes this as a factor leading to adaptations in mountain populations? Is it because Guillet’s model needed to be broad that he was unable to focus on this influence? Works Cited Guillet, David, 1983. "Toward a Cultural Ecology of Mountains: The Central Andes and the Himalayas Compared," in Current Anthropology, 24(5) 561-574.

Mentoring Leadership Essay

Leadership has always been an important principle that shapes and motivates people to become better. It serves as a catalyst providing opportunities for members to recognize their strengths and grow from their experiences. Seeing this, to better understand Jesus’ style of mentoring leadership, it is then crucial to identify common elements shaping this approach and relate it with specific strengths and weaknesses. By actively determining these areas, it can create appreciation of how Jesus was able to hone his disciples to continue and expand his principles and teachings. Analyzing Jesus’ ministry, it can be argued that he seeks to promote a mentoring leadership style. This specific method corresponds to the ability of a leader to provide necessary means to train members to continue specific objectives. The main purpose of this style it to establish continuity and promote transcendence from an individual leader to several followers and expand the ideas or skills taught (Towns, 2007). Seeing this, Jesus’ participation and interaction with the disciples remains to be rooted in giving each one the capacity to pursue his teachings and become the fundamental groundwork for Christianity. Assessing the key strengths of this leadership approach, it can be argued that this process provides opportunities for the leader to become a teacher, communicate, and inspire members to follow. Under the first precept, a mentoring leadership style promotes the individual to become a teacher (Towns, 2007). Here, Jesus readily gives himself to be of service to his disciples by means of educating them about the scriptures and the values necessary to become a true Christian. Such dynamics then increase the ability of members to appreciate and relate with the purpose of Jesus both as a leader and a teacher. The second facet involves enhancing communication process. Here, Jesus’ ministry revolves around taking care of his disciples and becoming patient to their needs. Though the way Jesus communicates to his disciples may at oftentimes be metaphorical, he makes it a point to establish good connections with each one. This then trains the disciples to become committed towards reinforcing communication and dialogue as it remains to be a crucial precept to help promote the process of evangelization and conversion (Towns, 2007). The last part involves inspiring members to become better. Given the dynamics of Jesus’ ministry, he was able to put his words into actions and gain the respect of his disciples. Due to this, he was able to further his teachings and also allow members to recognize their individual inputs in the application of their specific leadership style (Towns, 2007). Due to this, Jesus was able to shape the value of his followers according to what he believes is essential. On the other hand, the weaknesses of this leadership style include (1) failure, (2) expectation of immediate results, and (3) live a life of isolation (Towns, 2007). In the first aspect, failure corresponds to the inability of a leader to create and develop the mentoring process. The most applicable example of this to Jesus’ life was the betrayal of Judas Iscariot and his limited ability to imbibe the teachings of Jesus. The second one looks into how some disciples expect immediate results from what the mentoring leader says. Applying this to the case of Jesus, the Bible has elaborated various scenes in the Gospel where the disciples question various principles and tenets of Jesus’ teaching. This then impedes the ability of disciples to fully take advantage of progressing and incorporating the ideas and values taught by Jesus to each one (Towns, 2007). Lastly, Jesus’ mentoring leadership style also promotes a life of isolation. Since Jesus is too focused to achieve his purpose and role in life, he found limited time to spend for himself and open up to his disciples about his personality and life (Towns, 2007). Though this cannot be entirely seen throughout Jesus’ ministry, this also served to provide confusion and misunderstanding among his disciples on specific occasions. In the end, Jesus’ mentoring leadership style illustrates both strengths and weaknesses in application. The strengths mentioned highlight how this approach can provide the opportunities for members to grow and continue the principles taught by the leader. However, the limitations of this approach also impede the ability to further encourage transcendence and growth. Regardless of these inputs, Jesus was successful in molding followers according to his purpose and beliefs due to his unconditional care given to his disciples together with the time and patience given.